Plotting the Nyquist diagram with a potentiostat and an impedance analyzer, most often included in modern potentiostats, allows the user to determine charge transfer resistance, double layer capacitance and ohmic resistance.
2.
Top and bottom are filters with same gain response ( on the left : the Nyquist diagrams, on the right : phase responses ), but the filter on the top with a = 0.8 has the smallest amplitude in phase response.